Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder - Hardcoverby Harold Herrera (Editor) Autism refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social communication along with confined and repetitive behaviors. It is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The factors that can increase the likeliness of autism during pregnancy include fetal growth restriction, infections, autoimmune diseases, and various toxins like alcohol, air pollution, and cocaine.